Monday, May 23, 2011

American Robin or North American Robin.

El zorzal pechirrojo (Turdus migratorius) es un ave canora migratoria de la familia de los túrdidos. Se distribuye ampliamente en América del Norte desde el norte de Canadá y Alaska. Invierna en los estados de Florida y California (Estados Unidos); en México, Guatemala y Belice.

El Robin de América o de América del Norte Robin [2] (Turdus migratorius) es un pájaro migratorio de la familia del tordo. Lleva el nombre de la Comunidad Europea de Robin [3] a causa de su pecho de color rojizo-naranja, aunque las dos especies no están estrechamente relacionados, con el petirrojo europeo perteneciente a la familia de papamoscas. El estadounidense Robin se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en toda América del Norte, inverna al sur de Canadá desde la Florida hasta el centro de México y a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico. Es el pájaro del estado de Connecticut, Michigan y Wisconsin. [4] Tiene siete subespecies, pero sólo T. m. confinis en el suroeste es distintivo particular, con el pálido ventral gris-marrón.

El estadounidense Robin está activo principalmente durante el día y se reúne en grandes bandadas durante la noche. Su dieta consiste en invertebrados (por ejemplo, larvas de escarabajos y orugas), frutas y bayas. Es una de las primeras especies de aves que ponen huevos, empiezan a reproducirse poco después de regresar a su gama de verano de su área de distribución invernal. Su nido está formado por altas hierbas gruesas, ramas, papel y plumas, y se unta con barro y con frecuencia amortiguada con materiales suaves hierbas u otras plantas. Es una de las primeras aves que cantan al amanecer, y su canto se compone de varias unidades discretas que se repiten.

El petirrojo adulto presa de los halcones, gatos y serpientes más grandes, pero cuando se alimenta en bandadas, se puede estar atentos y observar otras aves de las reacciones a los depredadores. Tordos de cabeza marrón ponen sus huevos en nidos robin (véase el parásito de cría), petirrojos, pero por lo general rechazan los huevos de tordo







The American Robin or North American Robin[2] (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory songbird of the thrush family. It is named after the European Robin[3] because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European robin belonging to the flycatcher family. The American Robin is widely distributed throughout North America, wintering south of Canada from Florida to central Mexico and along the Pacific Coast. It is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.[4] It has seven subspecies, but only T. m. confinis in the southwest is particularly distinctive, with pale gray-brown underparts.
The American Robin is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night. Its diet consists of invertebrates (such as beetle grubs and caterpillars), fruits and berries. It is one of the earliest bird species to lay eggs, beginning to breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range. Its nest consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers, and is smeared with mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials. It is among the first birds to sing at dawn, and its song consists of several discrete units that are repeated.
The adult robin is preyed upon by hawks, cats and larger snakes, but when feeding in flocks, it can be vigilant and watch other birds for reactions to predators. Brown-headed Cowbirds lay eggs in robin nests (see brood parasite), but robins usually reject the cowbird eggs

Estas fotos del Robin fueron tomadas por Oscar Fundora el 21 de mayo del 2011 en Indian Hill.cincinnati Ohio.

These photos were taken by Oscar Robin Fundora on May 21, 2011 in Indian Hill.cincinnati Ohio


Prohibida,su reproduccion con fines comerciales.
Prohibited its reproduction for commercial purposes




Saturday, May 21, 2011

Posible éxodo de indocumentados causa alarma en Georgia

Ley migratoria puso al borde de la deportación a miles de inmigrantes sin papeles


LYONS, Georgia - Abundan los indicios de que Vidalia, zona productora de cebollas, podría sufrir un éxodo. Volantes en los negocios mexicanos dicen que se ofrece transporte gratis a toda persona dispuesta a trabajar en la cosecha de jalapeños y otros chiles en la Florida y mora azul en las Carolinas. Un pasaje de ida solo no requiere reservaciones.

Inmigrantes de Georgia

Los indocumentados y sus familias que recogen las cosechas en la región cebollera del sudeste de Georgia están contemplando la posibilidad de irse del estado para no correr riesgos de ser deportados ahora que el gobernador Nathan Deal firmó una ley diseñada para combatir a los extranjeros sin papeles.

Si bien la mayoría de los estados se negaron a sancionar leyes contra los indocumentados, Georgia y Utah, dos estados conservadores, decidieron seguir los pasos de Arizona y tomar cartas en el tema de la inmigración ilegal. Esta semana se convalidó el proyecto de Georgia, que es uno de los más severos del país, y de inmediato comenzaron a surgir divisiones entre los votantes de los suburbios y los del campo.

Llanto y miedo

Sandra Almanza, de 20 años, lloró detrás del mostrador del negocio de su madre, La Michoacana, al pensar que podría tener que separarse de su marido, un mexicano sin papeles y el padre de la niñita que lleva en el vientre. La pareja está terminando la habitación de la niña.

"Ya la pintamos, pero no sabemos cuánto tiempo nos quedaremos aquí", expresó Almanza, una ciudadana estadounidense cuyos padres vinieron a Lyons hace años a trabajar en la cosecha de cebolla.

Su negocio vende tarjetas para llamadas telefónicas y gira el dinero que los trabajadores migrantes envían a sus familias. "No tenemos demasiadas opciones", se lamentó Almanza.

Las medidas contra los indocumentados son populares en los suburbios de Atlanta, donde la población hispana ha aumentado mucho en tiempos recientes y abundan los carteles en español. Los residentes se quejan de que los indocumentados se quedan con sus trabajos y representan una carga para el estado.

"Los ciudadanos de Georgia quieren que se tomen medidas", declaró el representante republicano Matt Ramsey, autor del proyecto recién aprobado, quien vive 48 kilómetros (30 millas) al sudoeste de Atlanta. "Le hacen saber a sus legisladores que quieren que se resuelva este tema".

Qué dice la ley

La nueva ley castiga a quienes den refugio o transporte a indocumentados en determinadas circunstancias y permite que la policía corrobore el status migratorio de personas sospechosas de haber cometido un delito si no tienen identificación válida. El uso de documentos falsos para conseguir trabajo pasará a ser un delito grave cuando la ley entre en vigor en julio.

Se requerirá asimismo a las empresas con más de diez empleados que usen el banco de datos electrónico del gobierno federal llamado E-Verify para corroborar el status migratorio de las personas que empleen. Esto no le cae bien a los hacendados ni a los indocumentados que trabajan para ellos.

Pero a tres horas de auto de Atlanta, en el interior del estado --una región tradicionalmente derechista--, mucha gente se opone a la ley por temor a quedarse di empleados, con y sin papeles.

La cosecha de cebollas es dura.

Trilladoras y cosechadoras mecánicas pueden recoger algodón, maní, maíz y trigo. También hay máquinas que sacuden árboles y recogen nueces del piso. Pero las frutas y vegetales se magullan y estropean fácilmente y requieren atención especial.

Condiciones difíciles

En un campo polvoriento cerca de Lyons, grupos de peones latinoamericanos se agachan para recoger cebollas bajo un sol abrasador. Colocan los bulbos en cestos de plástico rojos, los cuales son cargados en un camión. Cada cesto representa 38 centavos de dólar para un peón.

Un buen trabajador puede llenar 300 cestos al día y ganar algo más de 100 dólares. Los empleados con papeles, que vinieron con visas temporales, cobran más.

Sus ropas quedan empapadas por el sudor. Y sus pasos levantan una polvareda que les tapa la nariz y se les pega a la piel.

Alfredo Pérez dice que llegó ilegalmente de México hace tres años y trabaja en cosechas en Florida, Michigan y Georgia.

"La ley es dura, no nos quieren dejar trabajar aquí", manifestó. "No somos delincuentes. Venimos durante la temporada de recolección de cebollas, pero por esta ley, vamos a tener que pensarlo mucho antes de volver".

Las autoridades tienen que decidir ahora cómo hacen cumplir la nueva ley.

Fuertes presiones

El sheriff del condado de Toombs Alvie Lee Kight Jr. sabe bien cuál es su dilema, ya que es el responsable de patrullar la zona. Su familia cultiva cebollas en Vidalia y prominentes agricultores le piden que sea tolerante. Por ser un funcionario elegido, sin embargo, podría enfrentar presiones para que emplee mano dura con los indocumentados.

Comprende a ambos bandos. Dice que su familia a veces no consigue visas para trabajadores temporales y se ve obligada a contratar gente de la zona. De todos modos se corre el riesgo de contratar indocumentados. Si alguien presenta documentos que parecen ser legítimos, el empleador da por sentado que todo está en regla.

Kight está a favor de que se refuercen las medidas en la frontera para frenar la llegada de indocumentados. Pero el país debe resolver la situación de las personas sin papeles que ya se encuentran en el país, indicó. Si bien no sabe cuál es la solución, cree que hay que facilitar la venida de trabajadores temporales.

"No deberíamos tener gente sin papeles. Debe haber una solución práctica. Necesitamos a esta gente, pero con papeles", expresó.

Los agricultores de la zona temen lo que sucederá si se quedan sin estos trabajadores, tengan o no papeles.

Visas temporales

Delbert Bland es propietario de Bland Farms, una de las haciendas que más cebollas produce. Bland y su padre empezaron con dos hectáreas en 1983 y hoy tienen una operación internacional que genera 100 millones de dólares en ventas anuales.

Su hacienda recurre a un programa federal de visas temporales y trae hasta 350 trabajadores para la recolección de cebollas. La hacienda debe pagar los costos de viaje, alojamiento y servicios, y sueldos por encima de los del mercado. Pero Bland considera justificado el gasto, comparado con las pérdidas que sufriría si hay escasez de mano de obra en la temporada de cosecha, entre abril y junio.

Si la policía adopta mano dura, el impacto será enorme, según Bland.

Hace poco el agricultor llamó a la policía porque un motociclista pasaba a altas velocidades por su campo. Cuando llegó el agente, cundió el pánico entre sus trabajadores. Uno de ellos fue a hablar con él.

"Viene y está blanco como un fantasma. Me dijo, 'sr. Delbert, vino la policía. ¿Qué hacemos?' ¡Y ese peón tenía papeles!", relató Bland.

Maniobra política

El administrador de la hacienda, Michael Hively, dijo que la represión de los indocumentados es una maniobra política de distracción.

"Hace que la gente desvíe la atención de cosas más importantes", sostuvo Hively.



El agricultor R.T. Stanley Jr., de Stanley Farms, cultiva 485 hectáreas de cebollas. Algunos de sus peones vienen con visas temporales y también contrata a otros que podrían presentar documentos falsos, según él mismo admite.

Pero se ríe cuando se le menciona la posibilidad de que los estadounidenses hagan ese trabajo.

"Generalmente contrato gente de aquí al principio de la temporada", señaló. "Vienen y actúan como si realmente quisiesen trabajar. ¿Sabe cuánto duran? Dos horas. Dicen que es un trabajo demasiado pesado".

Centro de ayuda

Cuando los trabajadores migrantes llegan al pueblo, a menudo golpean la puerta del Proyecto de Comunidades del Sudeste de Georgia (Southeast Georgia Communities Project) de Lyons, que ofrece comida a indigentes, distribuye ropa y da clases de inglés. Su directora, Andrea Hinojosa, hace de enlace entre los migrantes que hablan español y el mundo anglo a su alrededor.

Dice que a los blancos les encanta decir que no quieren indocumentados. Pero que en el fondo se benefician de su presencia. A sugerencia de Hinojosa, el almacén local de Wal-Mart comenzó a vender lengua de vaca y pancita o mondongo, muy consumidos por los hispanos.

"Dejan miles y miles de dólares" en la economía local, expresó.

Hinojosa dice que recibe muchas llamadas de personas blancas que buscan gente para que trabaje en su jardín o en la limpieza y que cobre poco, pero que "no votarían por alguna forma de visa de trabajo".

Futuro incierto

Nadie sabe bien qué sucederá cuando la ley entre en vigor, pero ya se están sintiendo algunas consecuencias. Almanza pronostica que el negocio de su madre cerrará porque su clientela latinoamericana se irá. Luego de haber vivido la mayor parte de su vida en este pueblo de 4 mil habitantes, descarta volver a la Ciudad de México.

"Una no conoce a nadie", declaró. "Es una ciudad grande en la que te puedes sentir perdida. No creo que podría estar allí".

Stanley afirmó que el sistema de E-Verify le impide contratar la cantidad necesaria de peones, su negocio podría fundirse.

"Podría verme obligado a cerrar", manifestó. "Habrá que esperar y ver qué pasa".
que opinas de esto?expresate,como ciudadano del mundoque eres.

Friday, May 20, 2011

FOTOS DE CINCINNATI FORESTA Y MI TRABAJO EN INDIAN HILL.



 JURY
EL NICARAGUENCE.BUENO COMO SE LLAME CON SU NUEVA SERPIENTE POR QUE LA OTRA DICE LA DEJO EN NICARAGUA.

TONY










¿Quién es Dominique Strauss-Khan?

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¿Quién es este sesentón que fue acusado de agresión sexual por una camarera en un hotel de Manhattan? Se trata de uno de los hombres más poderosos del mundo. Se llama Dominique Strauss-Khan y es el presidente del Fondo Monetario Internacional.

La suerte parecía sonreír a Dominique Strauss-Kahn, director gerente del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), desde el momento en el que asumió su cargo, hace tres años y medio, hasta que un escándalo vino a ensombrecer su imagen. Strauss-Kahn, de 62 años, fue inculpado el domingo en New York de agresión sexual, secuestro e intento de violación. Según su abogado, el director gerente niega todos los hechos y se declarará inocente. El hecho habría ocurrido en una habitación del lujoso hotel Sofitel.

Todo habría sucedido en una de las habitaciones que cuestan $3,000 la noche, el sábado por la tarde. Una mucama denunció que Strauss-Khan salió del baño desnudo cuando estaba limpiando la habitación y la forzó a tener sexo oral. La mujer huyó y radicó la denuncia.

Strauss -Khan, conocido en Francia como DSK, fue ministro de Economía de su país entre junio de 1997 a noviembre de 1999, durante la presidencia de Lionel Jospin.
Este hombre de 62 años es un conocido abogado, político y economista al que llaman en Francia como 'el médico de las economías enfermas'
Desde septiembre de 2007 dirige el Fondo Monetario Internacional, una especie de banco mundial que otorga masivos créditos a los países
Su desenvoltura, su espíritu vivaz, su curiosidad intelectual, su habilidad como economista y su talento como negociador, permitieron al dirigente del FMI lograr todos sus objetivos, desde que llegó al puesto en el otoño (boreal) de 2007.
Relativamente discreto en la capital estadounidense, en donde compró una casa, Strauss-Kahn tiene la reputación de ser trabajador
Dominique Strauss-Khan está casado con una mujer estaodunidense, Anne Sinclair, quien conducía un programa de TV en Francia. Tiene cuatro hijas y éste es su tercer matrimonio.
Sus supuestas ambiciones políticas en Francia eran gestionadas con el suficiente tacto como para que, hasta el último momento, Washington se preguntara si finalizaría su mandato en el FMI o regresaría a París para participar a las elecciones presidenciales de 2012. Incluso logró que se le perdonara un escándalo sexual, generalmente muy mal visto en Estados Unidos. Strauss-Kahn reconoció haber mantenido una relación extramatrimonial con una de sus subordinadas, un hecho que su esposa, Anne Sinclair, le perdonó públicamente.
Fue después de este episodio, revelado en la prensa y solucionado en un fin de semana por el FMI, en octubre 2008, que Strauss-Kahn demostró todas sus capacidades como economista a la cabeza del FMI. En la foto, aparece junto a Michelle Bachelet, entonces presidenta de Chile
La crisis financiera y económica mundial lo propulsó al frente de la escena internacional, mientras que los Estados miembro pedían en masa ayuda al FMI. Strauss-Kahn, cuya popularidad no dejaba de crecer en Francia, defendía entonces su papel de "médico" de las economías enfermas


Strauss-Khan quiere salir libre

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Tras renunciar al FMI, Strauss-Khan saldrá en libertad bajo fianza

Pagó $1 millón en efectivo
NEW YORK - Un juez otorgó este jueves la libertad bajo fianza al ex jefe del FMI Dominique Strauss-Kahn, quien a partir de mañana viernes cumplirá arresto domiciliario tras ser formalmente inculpado por agresión sexual e intento de violación, según constataron periodistas de la AFP.

Strauss-Kahn llegó -sin las manos esposadas- el jueves a las 14H30 (18H30 GMT) al tribunal de Manhattan para una nueva audiencia, en la que sus abogados pidieron que sea liberado bajo fianza con estrictas condiciones de vigilancia.

"Una inculpación fue votada y pronunciada contra el acusado", dijo un fiscal unos minutos después de la llegada de Strauss-Kahn a la Corte en Nueva York.

Su esposa, Anne Sinclair, llegó un poco antes acompañada de una de las hijas del ex jefe del FMI. Ambas se sentaron en la sala de audiencia frente a un centenar de periodistas.

Los abogados de Strauss-Kahn volvieron a proponer el jueves el pago de una fianza de $1 millón, alegando que el ex jefe del FMI es un "hombre respetable" que no intentará huir si la justicia le otorga la libertad


Los investigadores cortaron un pedazo de la alfombra de una habitación de hotel para buscar evidencia de ADN, dijeron funcionarios el miércoles a The Associated Press.

Los fiscales y detectives del Departamento de Policía de New York creen que la alfombra puede contener restos de semen de Strauss-Kahn, salpicados después de un presunto intento de sexo oral forzado, dijeron los oficiales, que hablaron bajo condición de anonimato.

Un segundo funcionario dijo que las pruebas de ADN se estaban manejando por la "vía rápida", pero que los resultados todavía podrían demorarse unos días.

Los dos funcionarios hablaron bajo condición de no ser identificados porque ninguno estaba autorizado a hablar públicamente sobre el caso.

Thursday, May 19, 2011

Did media go too far in Arnold scandal?Remember your movie, hasta la vista baby, see you later

TODAY - May 19, 2011

(L-R) Arnold Schwarzenegger (Jason Merritt/Getty Images); Member of the news media outside the home of Mildred Patricia Baena.  (Photo by Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)

Did media go too far in Arnold scandal?

Former California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger's whopping breach of marital ethics has touched off a curious ethical dilemma in the media world: In reporting the ongoing fallout from Schwarzenegger's affair with the former housekeeper who gave birth to his child, has the press unduly invaded the privacy of Schwarzenegger's one-time paramour?
Some major news organizations have exercised restraint, declining to publish the names, photos or any other revealing details about the housekeeper and her son. Others have confirmed the woman's identity, described her home, and splashed her image across TV screens, front pages and web browsers. At its most lurid, the coverage seems akin to stealing an intimate family photo album and scattering its contents around world.
Has the press gone too far?
Some critics think so: "The housekeeper, who was recently let go by the former California governor, did not ask to be at the center of a white-hot political scandal," writes Howard Kurtz of the Daily Beast, which decided not to identify her. "She has made no statement, filed no lawsuit, trotted out no publicist, sold nothing to the tabloids, made no appearance on 'Oprah.'  She had an affair with her boss and got pregnant, but she is as far from a public figure as you can imagine. What gives the media the right to obliterate her privacy?"
Bill Keller, executive editor of The New York Times, which published the woman's name on Wednesday, has an answer.
"Our basic job is to inform readers about news events, so we need a pretty compelling reason NOT to give readers information we think they care about," Keller told the Los Angeles Times' James Rainey. "We're sensitive to privacy issues, but in this case we don't see that compelling reason to keep our readers in the dark ... There's nothing to suggest that reliving the earlier experience is likely to be traumatizing in the sense rape victims describe (she's lived with it--and worked for him--for 10 or 15 years). And the reality is, there is not much privacy left for us to protect."
Russ Stanton, editor of the Los Angeles Times, which broke the Schwarzenegger scandal late Monday night, sees things differently.
"In some circumstances, it might be necessary or appropriate to reveal the identity of a politician's mistress," he told Rainey. "In this situation, we thought it was not. We hewed to the principle of protecting the identify of an innocent child. To have identified the mother would, in effect, have been to identify the child. Different media companies have different standards. We will stick by ours, regardless of what others do."
But the Los Angeles Times appears to be in the minority. CNN made the call to run with the woman's name--Mildred Baena, for the record, as well as her photo following the New York Times report. (Earlier, when the network had TMZ editor Harvey Levin on as a guest, a producer asked him not to identify her, according to Levin.) Other television outlets, including ABC News, CBS News and Fox News, also put Baena on display Wednesday and Thursday, as did various online sources, including the Huffington Post and Yahoo!.
The Associated Press published Baena's name only after it had been floated by multiple news outlets. "The AP has not independently verified that she is the mother of Schwarzenegger's child," the wire noted in a report Thursday.
"We decided to use the name because the story did not involve a sex crime but what appears to be a voluntary relationship with a public figure," AP managing editor Lou Ferrara told The Cutline. "The name is an important fact worthy of knowing."
The Cutline's decision to name Baena also was based on the volume of reports that had already done so. As of the time of this posting, several hours after first contacting seven mainstream news outlets for comment, we were still awaiting statements from ABC, CBS, CNN, the Huffington Post, and the Washington Post.
This is all to say nothing of celebrity gossip sites like Radar Online and TMZ, which were among the first to have a field day with Baena's MySpace photos. (Radar was the first to report her name, according to the AP.) And then, of course, there are the ever-yellow New York tabloids, both of which featured Baena on their Thursday covers.
"The cover of today's Post is lurid and mean-spirited," wrote Capital New York's Tom McGeveran today in his daily dissection of the rival tabs. "A candid photo of Baena, who is not pictured in full makeup at an Oprah Winfrey goodbye-special taping the way Maria Shriver was, but who's instead cutting the cake at a baby shower in a floral dress, with a wide, kind smile across her face, holding a blue balloon, is paired with a large red callout box with giant knockout-white type that reads 'ARNIE LOVE CHILD.' An arrow actually points to Baena's abdomen."
That child, who is now said to be around 14, remains shielded from the public eye--in the coverage of his mother, the adolescent's face has been appropriately obscured.
"We don't publish names of minors and we don't show their pictures either, without being blurred. These are children who deserve to be protected, even if others don't," said Fox News VP Michael Clemente. (As for the network's guidelines on Baena, Clemente concurred with the Times' Keller: "In this case, what happened many years ago does not seem to be something anyone is hiding from now.")
But Poynter's Julie Moos questions whether the story has nevertheless veered into too-much-information territory. Do we really need to know that neighbors describe the child as a well-mannered and handsome young man who likes sports and martial arts? Or that Baena's house cost $268,000?
"As journalists, once we moved beyond the woman's name, we compensated for starving readers of details by serving them an all-you-can-eat buffet," Moos writes. "Surely there are options between famine and feast."

MARTI 19 DEMAYO

Image:JoseMartiStatue-CentralParkNY.jpg
JoseMartiStatue-CentralParkNY

José Martí was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana, to a Spanish father, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Canary islands. Martí's father was a sergeant in the Spanish Army who was transferred to Cuba in 1850. However, once in Cuba, José's father changed jobs often. José was the oldest brother to seven sisters, two of which died when José was young. His family was poor, so his sisters would sew to make money and José would help his father with his paperwork for his job.
Martí was enrolled at St. Paul's School, which was a branch of the Municipal School for Boys in Havana, a local public school. Here, he met Rafael María de Mendive, an influential person in Martí's political thoughts. Mendive was a well known poet, teacher, editor, and patriot who firmly believed in Cuban independence. He taught Martí to appreciate poetry and literature, and urged him to become aware of the political and social situation in Cuba.[1]
When Martí was still young, he witnessed a slave being hung from a tree when he was riding his horse in the countryside. Thus, he came to resent Spanish rule of his homeland at a young age; likewise, he developed a hatred of slavery, which was still practiced in Cuba.
When it came time for Martí to attend high school, Mendive offered to pay for his classes, as Martí's family could not afford the tuition. He attended the Instituto de Havana (1866-69), where Mendive encouraged Martí to write and engage in the literary activities at school. Martí became Mendive's helper and was allowed to borrow books from his library. In the afternoons, he would attend discussions of Mendive's older students and listen to them talk about things such as poetry, farming, the news and politics.[2]
In 1869, he published his first political writings in the only edition of the newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo. That same year he published "Abdala," a patriotic drama in verse form, in the one-volume La Patria Libre. His famous sonnet, "10 de Octubre," was also written during that year, and was published later in his school newspaper.
 
In October 1869, Martí and his best friend, Fermín Valdés Domíngez, were laughing in Valdés' house when Spanish volunteers (police force) overheard the two boys and thought they were laughing at them. The volunteers searched Valdés' house and found a letter written by the two boys that criticized a fellow student of Mendive, who had joined the Spanish Army. Martí was arrested, then incarcerated in the national jail following an accusation of treason. Martí assumed responsibility and was condemned to six years in prison. His mother tried arduously to free her son, who was still a minor at the time, at 16, by writing letters to the government; his father went to a lawyer friend for legal support, but all efforts failed. Eventually Martí fell ill; his legs were severely lacerated due to the chains in which he was bound. He was therefore transferred to the Isla de Pinos instead for further imprisonment. Following that, the government decided to repatriate him to Spain.
Jose Marti
José Julián Martí y Pérez
His best and most revered works were his books for children, La Edad de Oro (The Golden Age) being the most widely read, and his poetry. Several of the verses from his collection of poems Versos Sencillos were later put to music as "Guantanamera," which has become one of Cuba's most recognizable melodies based on a traditional folk tune.
José Martí is often called the "Apostle of Cuban Independence"
José Martí was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana, to a Spanish father, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Canary islands. Martí's father was a sergeant in the Spanish Army who was transferred to Cuba in 1850. However, once in Cuba, José's father changed jobs often. José was the oldest brother to seven sisters, two of which died when José was young. His family was poor, so his sisters would sew to make money and José would help his father with his paperwork for his job.
Martí was enrolled at St. Paul's School, which was a branch of the Municipal School for Boys in Havana, a local public school. Here, he met Rafael María de Mendive, an influential person in Martí's political thoughts. Mendive was a well known poet, teacher, editor, and patriot who firmly believed in Cuban independence. He taught Martí to appreciate poetry and literature, and urged him to become aware of the political and social situation in Cuba.[1]
When Martí was still young, he witnessed a slave being hung from a tree when he was riding his horse in the countryside. Thus, he came to resent Spanish rule of his homeland at a young age; likewise, he developed a hatred of slavery, which was still practiced in Cuba.
When it came time for Martí to attend high school, Mendive offered to pay for his classes, as Martí's family could not afford the tuition. He attended the Instituto de Havana (1866-69), where Mendive encouraged Martí to write and engage in the literary activities at school. Martí became Mendive's helper and was allowed to borrow books from his library. In the afternoons, he would attend discussions of Mendive's older students and listen to them talk about things such as poetry, farming, the news and politics.[2]
In 1869, he published his first political writings in the only edition of the newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo. That same year he published "Abdala," a patriotic drama in verse form, in the one-volume La Patria Libre. His famous sonnet, "10 de Octubre," was also written during that year, and was published later in his school newspaper.


The Isla De Pinos (today called Isla de la Juventud) where Marti was sent before being repatriated to Spain.
In October 1869, Martí and his best friend, Fermín Valdés Domíngez, were laughing in Valdés' house when Spanish volunteers (police force) overheard the two boys and thought they were laughing at them. The volunteers searched Valdés' house and found a letter written by the two boys that criticized a fellow student of Mendive, who had joined the Spanish Army. Martí was arrested, then incarcerated in the national jail following an accusation of treason. Martí assumed responsibility and was condemned to six years in prison. His mother tried arduously to free her son, who was still a minor at the time, at 16, by writing letters to the government; his father went to a lawyer friend for legal support, but all efforts failed. Eventually Martí fell ill; his legs were severely lacerated due to the chains in which he was bound. He was therefore transferred to the Isla de Pinos instead for further imprisonment. Following that, the government decided to repatriate him to Spain.

Jose Marti
José Julián Martí y Pérez
His best and most revered works were his books for children, La Edad de Oro (The Golden Age) being the most widely read, and his poetry. Several of the verses from his collection of poems Versos Sencillos were later put to music as "Guantanamera," which has become one of Cuba's most recognizable melodies based on a traditional folk tune.
José Martí is often called the "Apostle of Cuban Independence"
José Martí was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana, to a Spanish father, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Canary islands. Martí's father was a sergeant in the Spanish Army who was transferred to Cuba in 1850. However, once in Cuba, José's father changed jobs often. José was the oldest brother to seven sisters, two of which died when José was young. His family was poor, so his sisters would sew to make money and José would help his father with his paperwork for his job.
Martí was enrolled at St. Paul's School, which was a branch of the Municipal School for Boys in Havana, a local public school. Here, he met Rafael María de Mendive, an influential person in Martí's political thoughts. Mendive was a well known poet, teacher, editor, and patriot who firmly believed in Cuban independence. He taught Martí to appreciate poetry and literature, and urged him to become aware of the political and social situation in Cuba.[1]
When Martí was still young, he witnessed a slave being hung from a tree when he was riding his horse in the countryside. Thus, he came to resent Spanish rule of his homeland at a young age; likewise, he developed a hatred of slavery, which was still practiced in Cuba.
When it came time for Martí to attend high school, Mendive offered to pay for his classes, as Martí's family could not afford the tuition. He attended the Instituto de Havana (1866-69), where Mendive encouraged Martí to write and engage in the literary activities at school. Martí became Mendive's helper and was allowed to borrow books from his library. In the afternoons, he would attend discussions of Mendive's older students and listen to them talk about things such as poetry, farming, the news and politics.[2]
In 1869, he published his first political writings in the only edition of the newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo. That same year he published "Abdala," a patriotic drama in verse form, in the one-volume La Patria Libre. His famous sonnet, "10 de Octubre," was also written during that year, and was published later in his school newspaper.


The Isla De Pinos (today called Isla de la Juventud) where Marti was sent before being repatriated to Spain.
In October 1869, Martí and his best friend, Fermín Valdés Domíngez, were laughing in Valdés' house when Spanish volunteers (police force) overheard the two boys and thought they were laughing at them. The volunteers searched Valdés' house and found a letter written by the two boys that criticized a fellow student of Mendive, who had joined the Spanish Army. Martí was arrested, then incarcerated in the national jail following an accusation of treason. Martí assumed responsibility and was condemned to six years in prison. His mother tried arduously to free her son, who was still a minor at the time, at 16, by writing letters to the government; his father went to a lawyer friend for legal support, but all efforts failed. Eventually Martí fell ill; his legs were severely lacerated due to the chains in which he was bound. He was therefore transferred to the Isla de Pinos instead for further imprisonment. Following that, the government decided to repatriate him to Spain.
En José Martí encontramos ya los rasgos que caracterizarían una de las épocas más fecundas no sólo para el arte, sino para todas las manifestaciones artísticas y humanas acaecidas con el cambio de siglo. Lo que se ha dado en llamar Modernismo surge ya en su prosa audaz y en su profunda poesía, pero no sólo ahí, sino en cualquiera de las demás expresiones literarias que conforman un todo en el caso de Martí.
Martí periodista
Entre 1880 y 1892, José Martí publicó más de cuatrocientas crónicas sobre Hispanoamérica, Estados Unidos y Europa, así como un centenar de acertados y bellos retratos. Su publicación corrió a cargo de diarios como La Nación de Buenos Aires, La Opinión Nacional de Caracas, La Opinión Pública de Montevideo, La República de Tegucigalpa, El Partido Liberal de México y Las Américas de Nueva York. En el conjunto de su obra, la parte periodística ocupa voluminosamente casi la mitad de su producción literaria, dato que redunda si observamos que la mayoría del resto de su producción apareció primeramente publicada en periódicos.
No se debe menospreciar este aspecto no ya en la obra de Martí, sino en la de otros autores modernistas como él, pues la prensa escrita fue el medio de difusión de un estética identificativa de un grupo muy amplio de escritores, pensadores y artistas de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. En Martí, por ejemplo, sus crónicas sirvieron para introducir elementos tan variopintos y alejados entre sí como los consejos para dormir con gorra, las nuevas vajillas para tomar el té, las guerras y la política internacional, la educación, la arquitectura, la moda y todos aquellos adelantos vinculados a la ciencia y a la literatura. Todo ello no fue óbice para que reflexionara sobre la ética y la condición humana mediante imágenes detalladas, información exhaustiva, gracejo narrativo y un estilo personalísimo que le llevó a ser una de las más genuinas personalidades periodísticas del momento, entremezclando rasgos del género en Francia con otros adquiridos en su estancia en Nueva York, donde colaboró en algunos diarios como The Hour o The Sun.
I Cultivate a White RoseBy Jose Marti
I cultivate a white rose
In July as in January
For the sincere friend
Who gives me his hand frankly.
And for the cruel person who tears out
the heart with which I live,
I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns:
I cultivate a white rose.
Cultivo Una Rosa BlancaPor Jose Marti
Cultivo una rosa blanca
En julio como en enero,
Para el amigo sincero
Que me da su mano franca.
Y para el cruel que me arranca
El corazon con que vivo,
Cardo ni ortiga cultivo,
Cultivo una rosa blanca.
 
(January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895), better known as José Martí, was a leader of the Cuban independence movement from Spain and a renowned poet and writer. Martí devoted his life to Cuban independence and firmly believed in the principles of freedom, tolerance, and love. A man of letters who died a patriot's death on the battlefield, he is the Cuban people's national hero and is often referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban Independence." He is also considered the Father of Modernism in Latin-American literature, predating and influencing Rubén Darío and other poets, such as Gabriela Mistral.
(January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895), better known as José Martí, was a leader of the Cuban independence movement from Spain and a renowned poet and writer. Martí devoted his life to Cuban independence and firmly believed in the principles of freedom, tolerance, and love. A man of letters who died a patriot's death on the battlefield, he is the Cuban people's national hero and is often referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban Independence." He is also considered the Father of Modernism in Latin-American literature, predating and influencing Rubén Darío and other poets, such as Gabriela Mistral.

Hoy, 19 de mayo, se conmemoran 116 años de la muerte de José Martí, el Apóstol de la Independencia de Cuba.

Ese sol del mundo moral. Para una historia de la eticidad cubana


 

Éramos… de Nuestra América

Texto: José Martí
Música y voz: Pablo Milanés (1974)
Éramos una visión, con el pecho de atleta,
Las manos de petimetre y la frente de niño,
Éramos una máscara, con los calzones de
Inglaterra, el chaleco parisién, el
Chaquetón de norteamérica y la montera de
España.
El indio mudo, nos daba vueltas
Alrededor, y se iba al monte, a la cumbre
Del monte, a bautizar a sus hijos.
El negro, oteado, cantaba en la noche
La música de su corazón, sólo y desconocido,
Entre las olas y las fieras.
El campesino, el creador, se revolvía,
Ciego de indignación, contra la
Ciudad desdeñosa, contra su criatura.



Our America were ...
Written by José Martí

Music and vocals: Pablo Milanes (1974)


We were a vision, chest of athlete
Dude's hands and forehead as a child,
We were a mask, the pants
England, the Parisian vest, the
Jacket and cap of North America
Spain.
The Indian moved us spinning
Around, and went to the mountain, to the top
The mountain, to baptize their children.
Black, oteado, sang in the night
The music of his heart, alone and unknown,
Between the waves and the beasts.
The farmer, the creator, is stirring,
Blind indignation against
Contemptuous city against their child

Hombres de esta talla son los que debieran ser nuestros dirigentes mundiales y no perverzos y ladrones.